Below, we are taking a close look at the process of moving to a country with immigration quotas, what to look out for, and tips for making the transition as smooth and successful as possible. Whether you are moving for work, to be closer to family, or simply for a change of pace, this article will provide you with the information you need to make informed decisions and prepare for your new life abroad.

What are immigration quotas?

First, let's look into what immigration quotas actually are.

Immigration quotas are limits set by a government on the number of people who can enter the country as permanent residents or temporary workers during a specific period of time. The purpose of immigration quotas is to control the number of people entering a country, often for reasons related to labor market needs, security concerns, or cultural and social considerations.

In some countries, immigration quotas are used to determine the number of people from specific countries or regions who are allowed to immigrate. In others, the quotas are based on the type of visa being sought, such as for work, family reunification, or refugee status.

The use of immigration quotas has been a subject of debate for many years, with some people arguing that they are necessary to maintain control over immigration and protect national security, while others believe that they restrict the free movement of people and violate human rights.

What countries have immigration quotas?

Quite a lot of countries have immigration quotas as a means of regulating the flow of people entering their territory. Some examples of countries with immigration quotas include:

• United States

The US has a complex system of immigration quotas that includes limits on the number of people who can enter the country each year based on their country of origin and the type of visa they are seeking. For instance, according to the Immigration and Nationality Act, the United States can grant up to 675,000 permanent immigrant visas each year through various visa categories. (This quota does not concern the annual admission of US citizens' spouses, parents, and children under the age of 21). The overall limit for permanent employment-based immigrants in the United States currently stands at 140,000 per year. As this number also accounts for the immigrants' eligible spouses and minor unmarried children, the actual number of employment-based visas issued in the United States is actually lower. You can learn more about the immigration quotas in the United States here.

• Canada

Canada has an immigration quota system that allows the government to control the number of people entering the country and to prioritize certain types of immigrants, such as those with high levels of education or work experience. Canada has Immigration Level Plans in place, which are adjusted every year. Currently (during the 2023-2025 period), the country is looking to welcome 460,000 new immigrants each year (which is one of the highest registered quotas in recent years). You can learn more about Canada's immigration quotas here.

• Australia

Australia has a points-based immigration system that allows the government to determine the number of people who can enter the country each year based on factors such as age, education, and work experience. The Australian government has recently announced that the planning level for the 2022-23 permanent Migration Program will be increased to 195,000 places. You can learn more about Australia's immigration quotas here.

• New Zealand

New Zealand has an immigration quota system that is based on the needs of the labor market and the availability of skills and talent. Similarly to Australia, the country has a point-based system in place. For instance, as of November 11, 2022, New Zealand is only accepting applications for skilled migrant relocations that have accumulated 180 points or above. You can learn more about New Zealand's immigration quotas here.

• United Kingdom

The UK has a tier-based immigration system that places limits on the number of people who can enter the country for work or study. As of January 1, 2021, the United Kingdom has also adopted the point-based immigration system. As a result, for the first time in many years, the country's immigration authorities will now treat EU citizens the same way as citizens from other foreign countries. You can learn more about UK immigration quotas here.

These are just a few examples of countries with immigration quotas. The specific quotas and policies vary from country to country and are subject to change based on political, economic, and social considerations.

Moving to a country with immigration quotas: Is it worth it?

Moving to a foreign country is a big decision that requires careful consideration of many factors. For those looking to immigrate, the presence of immigration quotas can make the process more challenging but also offer unique benefits.

Pros:

• Job opportunities: Countries with immigration quotas often have strong economies and well-developed job markets, making it easier for immigrants to find work and build successful careers.
• High standard of living: Many countries with immigration quotas have high standards of living, with excellent healthcare, education, and social services. This can provide a great quality of life for those who are able to secure residency.
• Political and social stability: Countries with immigration quotas are typically known for their stability and safety, making them a more attractive place to live for families and individuals.

Cons:

• Lengthy and complex process: The process of obtaining a visa and residency in a country with immigration quotas can be lengthy and complex, requiring extensive documentation and background checks.
• Limited numbers: The limited number of visas available each year can make it difficult for many people to secure residency, leading to long wait times and high levels of competition.
• Cultural challenges: Immigrating to a new country can also bring cultural challenges, including language barriers and differences in customs and traditions.

Thus, moving to a country with immigration quotas can be a challenging but rewarding experience. It is essential to weigh the pros and cons carefully and to research the specific policies and processes of each country to determine whether it is the right choice for you. Ultimately, whether moving to a country with immigration quotas is worth it will depend on individual circumstances and goals.

What should you watch out for when moving to a country with immigration quotas?

Moving to a new country is a big step, and for those looking to immigrate to a country with immigration quotas, the process can be especially challenging. In order to ensure a smooth and successful transition, it is essential to be aware of what to watch out for when moving to such a country.

• Visa requirements: The first step is to understand the visa requirements of the country you are interested in moving to. This may include providing extensive documentation, passing background checks, and meeting certain eligibility criteria. It is essential to familiarize yourself with the specific visa requirements and to begin gathering the necessary documentation as soon as possible.
• Quota availability: It is also important to be aware of the current quota availability for the country you are interested in moving to. This information can be found on the country's immigration website or by contacting the local embassy. Knowing the quota availability can help you plan and prepare accordingly.
• Cost of living: When moving to a new country, it is important to research the cost of living, including housing costs, transportation costs, and the cost of food and other necessities. This will help you to budget and plan for the transition.
• Employment opportunities: Research the job market in the country you are interested in moving to, including the types of jobs available and the level of competition. This will help you to determine if there are job opportunities in your field and, if so, whether you will need additional training or certification.
• Cultural differences: Immigrating to a new country can also bring cultural differences, including language barriers and differences in customs and traditions. It is important to research the cultural norms and customs of the country you are interested in moving to and to be open to learning about the new culture.

By being aware of the visa requirements, quota availability, cost of living, employment opportunities, and cultural differences, you can better prepare for the transition and ensure a smooth and successful move.

Key takeaways

Immigration quotas are limits set by a government on the number of people who are allowed to enter and reside in a country within a certain period of time.

These quotas can be set based on various factors, including the country of origin, skills, and family relationships.

They are used as a means of regulating the flow of immigration and can be used to prioritize certain groups of people, such as refugees or individuals with highly sought-after skills.

Moving to a country with immigration quotas comes with a set of pros and cons. On the one hand, countries with immigration quotas generally have a high quality of living and lucrative employment opportunities. Immigration quotas also mean there won't be an over-supply of professionals in your field. On the other hand, the process of moving to a country with immigration quotas is substantially more complicated and requires additional checks and paperwork.

Why do people switch careers?

Switching careers means changing jobs or professional status. It can be a radical change that also impacts personal life, especially in the case of someone who's relocating overseas.

Different reasons lead to a career change abroad. Sometimes it comes out of necessity, for example, when the sector is saturated, when a job is no longer available, or when one's skills are not sought after in the host country. But sometimes, a career change can just be the result of a real desire for change, an urge to move on and acquire new skills, or the will to earn one's living through a passion.

Younger people often choose to switch careers because they randomly opted for a path in urgency at a time when they did not know what they wanted to do or be. And living abroad opens doors, especially linguistic ones, but not only. You will come across expatriates who became language teachers or translators by sheer force of circumstance. Others only discover abroad that their skills are heavily sought after and that this could be their absolute career path, even if their new position seems far from their initial field of expertise or studies.

Expats and their career change experiences

Who is in a better position to talk about switching careers overseas than expats themselves? 

Daphne wanted to be anything but a teacher, and yet, she ended up on this career path. "I had just returned from a year in Greece after having been awarded a writing grant. It was, therefore, a way of "returning to reality" after spending a year out of this world on the island of Ithaca. I chose three cities: Paris, Rome and London, to look for a "real" job. In the end, I was hired as an assistant for disabled students at an international school in London. I had no training, and the first month of the trial period was just about showing interest, empathy and common sense. I was totally conquered by the students and the staff. Gradually, these students with atypical profiles proved to me that the teaching profession could be extremely creative. It is, above all, about transmitting knowledge and sharing experiences. This is not at all what I had imagined when I was studying literature." Today, Daphne is her own boss, heading a business through which she provides courses and workshops in artistic expression while striving to retain a few hours to give writing classes. "I enjoy coaching people and sharing my passion in this way." Daphne has written novels and created her center in Paris.

Patricia, another expat, simply changed the subject she used to teach. "I am fortunate to have been able to continue teaching. Only the subject changed. I currently give French classes while, in France, I used to teach economics." When she moved to the United States, she thought that her knowledge of American economics and her English language skill would not be up to the standard of American teachers. "So, I chose to teach French as a Foreign Language, as well as French for Business. This gave me a significant advantage over American teachers." This is indeed one of the ways an expatriate can adapt during a career change.

Parenga, who is a French expat in the US, has switched careers several times as he moved around the world. He talks to us about his atypical experience. "The main reason is that I always followed my wife in her studies/work and, therefore, in her overseas adventures. The job I used to have in France was not adaptable to the United States (I am a civil servant), so for me, switching careers was necessary if I wanted to continue working abroad. In my case, my job in France is a passion job, which makes things maybe a little more difficult." Parenga has a technical degree he obtained more than 20 years ago, an unfinished course in history, and professional training that only made sense in his previous job. "Basically, my studies and experience in France are useless in the US! So, whatever I do, I need to start from scratch. In the US, I worked as a security system technician for a few months. This is a job I did during my first move to New Zealand 15 years ago. I've also been a tennis coach for several years. In New Zealand, I was a landscaper and a security technician. Today, after a new move and due to family obligations, I am going to switch careers once again."

Tips for switching careers overseas

So how do you smoothly switch careers as an expat? Parenga is on for some very useful advice. "Don't be afraid to try, failure is possible, but you have to use it to move forward. Be humble. When you arrive in a new country, when you don't master the language, and when you are in the middle of a career change, you have to be ready to start all over again." While he believes that this might not always be easy, considering your age, Parenga insists that it's part of the process. "For example, in my case, I had a thriving career in France, with the possibility of working in prestigious departments and being in charge of important files, but all that doesn't really matter when you have to start from scratch. During my stays in various countries, I had to accept people 20 years younger than me giving me orders. The older you get, the more difficult it can be." In his opinion, the key to success is to work hard. "There is no secret, no one will come looking for you, and nothing will fall from the sky. Resume your studies or get some training: the stronger background you have, the easier it is. Of course, it's hard to get back to school after a certain age, and family life can make you short of time, but if you have the courage to go for it, it can make a big difference in your career plans. No matter what happens, you have to keep smiling and stay positive. There will be ups and downs, times when things won't go your way and you will sometimes feel down, but that's how it is for everyone. So you have to keep things in perspective." Moving abroad is, for sure, a challenge, but so is a career change. But for Parenga, if you're able to combine both, there's no way you won't succeed.

Isn't that inspiring? Indeed, moving abroad can lead you to open up to jobs that you would never have imagined doing. Changing countries and experiencing new cultures are part of the game, but they can also encourage you to take up new challenges, especially careerwise.

Île aux Cerfs

Île aux Cerfs, located on the east coast of Mauritius, is one of the most popular islets to visit. It's known for its stunning white sand beaches, clear turquoise waters, and abundant water sports activities. Visitors can take a catamaran or speedboat from the mainland to the islet, where they can relax on the beach, go snorkeling, or enjoy water sports such as parasailing, banana boat rides, and jet skiing.

Île aux Aigrettes

Île aux Aigrettes is a small islet located off the southeast coast of Mauritius. It's a protected nature reserve that's home to several endangered species, including the Mauritius kestrel, pink pigeon, and giant tortoise. Visitors can take a guided tour of the islet to learn about its unique flora and fauna, and see some of the rare species that call it home.

Île des Deux Cocos

Île des Deux Cocos is a private islet located off the southeast coast of Mauritius. It's a popular destination for weddings and romantic getaways, thanks to its secluded beaches, crystal-clear waters, and luxurious amenities. Visitors can take a boat from the mainland to the islet, where they can enjoy a private beach, go snorkeling or kayaking, and relax in a beautiful villa or cabana.

Gabriel Island

Gabriel Island is a small, uninhabited islet located off the north coast of Mauritius. It's known for its pristine beaches and clear waters, which are perfect for snorkeling and diving. Visitors can take a public ferry or book a private boat to the islet, where they can spend the day relaxing on the beach and exploring the marine life.

Flat Island

Flat Island is another small, uninhabited islet located off the north coast of Mauritius. It's known for its rugged coastline, volcanic rock formations, and clear waters, which are popular with snorkelers and divers. Visitors can take a catamaran or private boat to the islet, where they can explore the rocky shores, go snorkeling or diving, or simply relax on the beach.

Coin de Mire

Coin de Mire is a striking islet located off the north coast of Mauritius. Its distinctive shape, which resembles a pointed rock rising out of the ocean, makes it a popular subject for photographs. Visitors can take a catamaran or private boat to get near the island but cannot go onto the island as it is a natural reserve. Snorkelling around the island is the best, however.

Visiting the islets around Mauritius is a must-do activity for any visitor to the island nation. Whether you're looking for a romantic getaway, an adventure-filled day trip, or a chance to explore the unique flora and fauna of the region, the islets offer something for everyone. With a range of transportation options, from public ferries to private boats and catamaran cruises, it's easy to make the most of your time in Mauritius and discover the beauty and diversity of its surrounding islets.

Fewer restrictions result in more departures

Beijing is still taking stock of the first wave of contamination (more than 80% of the population was contaminated by January 21), but at the same time, Chinese students are dreaming of a future beyond borders. The country reopened its primary and secondary schools, but more and more university students are looking to pursue their higher education overseas. Although China has only partially recognized the impact of the first wave, it is leaving no stone unturned for a smooth return to normalcy. For Chinese students, this means going back to school.

Students enrolled in foreign institutions have been having a hard time lately. Since the government announced that it would no longer recognize courses and diplomas earned through distance learning, there has been a rush to apply for visas, and students are hastily booking plane tickets. Chinese authorities believe that university students must attend classes in person to be recognized as having completed their studies. This brutal decision by the government only accelerated the Chinese students' exodus.  

Sinorbis, a technology and marketing company for higher education, has been studying data from Chinese search engines since the reopening of the borders. From its observations, searches for studies in Canada have increased by 81%, while the United Kingdom spiked to 138 percent and Australia to 128 percent. These are the three favorite destinations for Chinese students. Conversely, they no longer seem to dream of America. In fact, searches for US destinations have dropped by 16%.

US universities' declining popularity

Are American universities bearing the brunt of the tense relationship between the United States and China? The Chinese spy balloon case is one of the latest episodes in the tumultuous soap opera between the two world powers. The US used to be one of the top destinations for Chinese students, thanks to its world-renowned universities and the prestige of the "American Dream." But former President Trump and his hard-liner policies towards China have tarnished this beautiful image. The rising anti-Chinese sentiment during the pandemic further dented the reputation of the United States. As of January, the number of Chinese on student visas in the US was nearly 30 percent lower than in 2020.

On the other hand, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia seem to be gaining popularity among international students, as they are with professionals and other expats. Students are very enthusiastic about these destinations, which, in their opinion, have a lot to offer, such as internationally recognized universities. Asian countries, led by Japan, Singapore, and Hong Kong, are also becoming increasingly popular among Chinese students. Their geographical proximity and the quality of their education make them equally competitive destinations.

Studying abroad: A passport to employment 

Chinese students are also considering professional opportunities abroad as they envision their future. Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, and Japan are facing severe labor shortages and provide the best opportunities. They are all struggling to attract foreign talent. For instance, Canada expects to welcome 460,000 new permanent residents this year, 485,000 by 2024 and 500,000 by 2025. Likewise, Japan is actively seeking foreign workers: 800,000 by 2030 and 6.74 million by 2040.

Since Brexit, the United Kingdom has been rolling out the red carpet for international students, and its efforts have paid! The country has welcomed 40% more international students than in 2017 (the year after the Brexit referendum), including a majority of Chinese and Indian students. It is also an economic matter for the United Kingdom. Actually, the tuition fees for international students are, on average, twice as high as those established for locals, a more controversial aspect of UK's education policy that the authorities are careful not to emphasize.

Young people want to escape China

"Run xue" is a term used to describe the act of leaving home in a hurry to go study abroad. Since last spring, this has been a trending expression on social media. Skillfully combining the verb "to run" in English and the word "study" in Chinese (xue), the composite expression means going abroad to study. More than a play on words, it expresses an urgency among young Chinese who have been traumatized by the zero Covid policy that they consider dehumanizing. Beyond this, young people mainly fear the power of Chinese authorities, which can interfere in all aspects of their everyday lives. Moreover, following their observation of what was happening overseas, they understood that although life in another country could still be difficult, they would nevertheless enjoy some kind of freedom.

They are ready to pay thousands of pounds for a taste of British life. They dream of a job in Australia, Canada, or the United States. Although the latter is losing ground, it still attracts Chinese students. In China, conversely, the job crisis and youth unemployment are driving more and more people away. For these Chinese students, "run xue" sounds like the solution to escape the grip of Beijing and live freely. In fact, more than one million of them are currently studying abroad. Although Beijing claims that 80% of students return after their studies, they do not seem to be in a hurry to return home.

The return of international students to China

What about international students in China? As of August 24, 2022, they can officially return to Chinese universities. They are fewer in numbers, though!

In fact, the measure only applies to students seeking a long-stay study visa, which is gradually being restored. Since March, small groups of Korean, Russian and Pakistani students have been returning to China. As of August 2022, the list of countries authorized to send their nationals has been extended to include France, India, Japan, and Malaysia.

Prior to the pandemic, China had been attracting nearly 500,000 international students every year, according to the Chinese Ministry of Education's figures from 2018 and 2019. The world's second-largest country was becoming increasingly attractive to international students seduced by career opportunities available there. Studying in China meant extending one's professional network, enriching one's CV, and learning one of the world's most widely spoken languages, at a much lower cost than studying in the UK or the US. Studying in China was then considered an investment for the future.

However, the Covid crisis brought about a bleaker outlook. According to China Admission, a support platform for international students in China, the country counted less than 20,000 international students in August 2022. Rather than the pandemic, the situation was mainly due to the crisis management by the Chinese authorities, with a lot of constraints on most international students. Many of them expressed their dismay with inadequate online courses (due to time zone differences), a lack of communication with universities, and the cost of studies that were still based on face-to-face courses.

Does the end of the zero Covid policy mean the resumption of studies in China?

Not really! Even today, international students are left dangling by the government's decisions. Last winter's outbreak once again postponed the arrival of international students in China. However, the government abandoned its zero Covid policy in early January. Since their interest in China is still alive, international students are hoping for a less eventful year in 2023. These students dream of career opportunities in or related to China. They are still interested in its language, culture, and history. For those who managed to return to China after the August 2022 measures, it was a dream that finally came true after nearly two years of waiting. 

But the country is now facing an unprecedented situation: more Chinese are going to study abroad while fewer foreigners are coming to study in China. The Chinese authorities are taking stock of the situation and admit that it will take time to recover the levels of 2019.

Useful links:

China Admissions

Chinese government scholarships 

The Netherlands just established the first electoral college for its overseas citizens

This is another positive move towards integrating expatriates into the voting process. Dutch expatriates were already eligible to vote in parliamentary elections. The Netherlands established the first electoral college for its overseas nationals to allow the latter to have their say in the constitution of the Senate. The country is both a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system. The Parliament (States General of the Kingdom of the Netherlands) consists of two chambers: the Senate (upper house) and the House of Representatives (lower house).

More than 30,000 Dutch people living abroad, who are already registered to vote, reside in Germany. The rest of them live in Belgium, France, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Dutch expats had until February 1 to register for the upcoming elections. The next ballot will be held on March 15 to elect a 25-member electoral college, which will, in turn, vote for the Senate in May. These are indirect elections, unlike parliamentary ones. For the Dutch abroad, this is another victory that reminds us that expatriates remain attached to their country and are keen on participating in their home country's political and social life.

Voting as an expat

The first things to consider are the conditions governing the election itself. Certain questions need to be answered first, including the following: Can you vote as an expatriate? For which elections? Generally, expatriates can vote in presidential, legislative and consular elections. European nationals can also vote in European elections. However, it is always best to check the voting procedures in your host country.

To be able to vote from abroad, expats must also be of legal age and registered on a consular electoral list. In most cases, registration can be done online and is subject to a deadline. For example, if an expat wants to vote in an election this year, the deadline for registration on the consular list of electors would have been December 31, 2022. On the other hand, if the country of origin has a register of its nationals abroad, the latter will be automatically registered on the consular electoral roll. For instance, French expats are automatically enrolled in the Register of French citizens living overseas. However, should French expats return to France, they must request to be removed from the consular electoral list. If that is not the case, they will not be able to vote in future elections. 

After ensuring that they are registered on the consular list of electors, expatriates are instructed to go to their respective polling stations with proof of identity to be able to vote. These voting stations are generally located in the embassy or consulate in their host country. They may also be located in an office of the consular district.

Voting by proxy 

Expats are required to ensure that the original permit allows for voting by proxy. If so, they will be able to appoint a proxy. The latter needs to be of legal age to vote and be registered on the same consular electoral list as the expatriate (or be registered in the same municipality). 

Expats who wish to vote shall first introduce themselves to the relevant authorities. They will then need to present their identity card as well as a sworn statement certifying that he or they will be unable to vote in person. They must also provide the details of their proxy, including the person's full name, date of birth and address. The process can be done at the embassy or consulate in the host country (honorary consul, head of the consular post). It can also be done in the home country: at the police station, at the court of first instance, or at the gendarme station of the place of registration. Make sure to do this early enough for the proxy to be considered. It can be for one or two rounds of voting or elections occurring during any other period of less than one year. Note that expatriates can also vote by e-mail.

Expats put to test  

In practice, voting from abroad can be a daunting task. The issue may not arise if you live in a city with all the necessary infrastructure. Information flows smoothly when consular or embassy services are readily available. Voting goes without a hitch, except for perhaps longer or shorter waiting times depending on the number of voters and the nature of the election. Presidential elections are traditionally more popular.

However, the waiting time can be a disincentive. For instance, many voting expats voiced dissatisfaction during the 2017 French presidential elections. There were too few polling stations, overwhelmed staff, and hours-long waiting queues in the cold or heat. In Montreal, for example, there was only one polling station and two in London. In Tokyo, the queue snaked from the embassy down to the residential areas. These were long hours in the heat but in a calm atmosphere. 

In 2019, Canadian expatriates criticized the voting process (the postal system), which they considered archaic. Since 1993, any Canadian who had been living abroad for five years or more theoretically lost the right to vote. But, in 2018, the Trudeau government reinstated the right to vote for all Canadians living overseas. The process, however, remained the postal ballot which was deemed complicated, especially for expatriates living in remote areas. With little infrastructure or within an unstable environment (political instability, war, etc.), it is indeed difficult to vote by post mail.

Is electronic voting the answer?

This system has already been set up in several countries, but it has its pros and cons. On the plus side, it makes it easier for more expatriates and locals to vote. Its advocates believe that electronic is the best way to fight abstention. The only constraint is Internet access and the ability to use computer equipment, which is, in their opinion, a minimal limitation.

On the other hand, some raise security issues, such as hacking, and technical errors that can disrupt the voting process. Norway, which had been testing e-voting since the 2000s, suspended the practice in 2014 when the authorities realized that some people had been able to vote twice. In the United States, the "voting machine" is constantly criticized. It allegedly poses a vulnerability threat that can facilitate electoral fraud. However, proponents of e-voting claim the exact opposite, taking the recent presidential elections in Brazil as an example. 

In any case, most countries remain cautious about electronic voting, and some restrict it to expatriates. During the 2022 legislative elections, France tried e-voting again for overseas nationals. The country gave up on this practice in 2017 following hacking threats. However, the latest results proved e-voting to be the most popular option, for more than three-quarters of expat voters chose this system. It remains to be seen whether e-voting will gain ground in forthcoming elections. The stakes are high, both in terms of democracy and organization.

Which countries are at risk of earthquakes?

Along with volcanoes, earthquakes are the manifestation of tectonic plates. The planet has 53 tectonic plates, which, far from being static, move, deform, rub, and collide with each other. These displacements can cause earthquakes, and the seismic risk is the meeting between the probability of a natural disaster (randomness) and the populations exposed to this phenomenon. Because of its unpredictable nature, an earthquake cannot be anticipated, but seismic standards have been established to help increase the resistance of infrastructures and thus mitigate the impact of earthquakes on people. But earthquakes can cause other natural disasters, such as volcanic eruptions, fires, or tsunamis.

In recent years, most seismic epicenters have been located along the Pacific Rim and the Caribbean ring. Regions along the border of the African and Eurasian continents have also been affected. But the truth is that no area of the globe is safe from seismic risk. The degree of impact varies from one region to another. Every year, more than 500,000 earthquakes of magnitude 6 or more (the level of a potentially destructive earthquake) are recorded on average. 

While admitting the limitations of their work, seismologists are striving to detect the next major disaster. California, Japan, Nepal, Indonesia, Australia and Southern Europe are all likely to experience major earthquakes. Seismologists humbly point out that it is impossible to determine when these events will occur. The margin for error remains wide, and other countries could indeed be affected by these natural disasters.

What should expats consider when settling in?

Housing

Housing requires a lot of attention. In Nepal, many houses do not meet anti-seismic standards. In case of an earthquake, the most fragile infrastructures collapse, worsening the disaster. The same goes for Myanmar, where while the population density is increasing, buildings are being built on weakened soils.

On the other hand, Japan has become a model for anti-seismic construction. The government has agreed to invest massively (more than 10,000 billion euros) in the prevention of risks linked to earthquakes. In fact, the country has no choice! Every year, about 20% of the most important earthquakes occur in Japan. This so-called "disaster economy" is largely based on the construction of earthquake-resistant infrastructures that help at reducing human and material casualties during natural disasters.

While property prices are crucial for expats looking to buy property abroad, living in a high-risk seismic zone also implies checking the geographical location as well as the condition of the property. Does it really meet anti-seismic standards? Is it a new property or an old one? Keep in mind that even in leading Japan, some buildings do not meet the standards. There is always the risk of substandard construction or poor craftsmanship.

Safe zones 

Governments usually provide for safe zones, but this is not always the case. Some countries are less prepared than others and do not have a plan that indicates safety zones by neighborhood. Conversely, in South Korea or Japan, it's typical to have signs that point to and mark evacuation zones.

Information networks

Information is the best kind of prevention. California, for example, has set up an evacuation plan in case of an earthquake. Although less affected, France has developed its own system to assess the risk according to its geographical areas. Other countries prone to natural disasters have also developed alert applications. In Japan, Yukureru is one of the most popular earthquake alert systems. Safety Tips provides information about this type of natural phenomenon and what to do in case of danger. 

In any case, make sure you are aware of the programs that are in place in your area. Sign up for registries, and notify your municipality and the neighborhood of your presence. Participate in simulations, such as evacuation drills that are planned in schools and businesses.

How to stay safe in an earthquake-prone country

Before the earthquake

Identify potential shelters in the house (under tables, for example) and areas at risk (windows, hanging furniture, etc.). Repair or replace all loose or wobbly items. Beware of objects that are not sealed to the walls. Each room should have its own fire extinguisher. Have one or more flashlights in working order in strategic locations in the home. Identify the gas, electricity, and water sources, and get to know how to shut them off. In doubt, ask your landlord. 

Make copies of your important documents. Keep them in a safe place. Send yourself some copies by e-mail. Prepare a "survival kit", including a cell phone, chargers and portable battery, batteries, flashlight, non-perishable food, water bottles, sleeping bag, clothes and shoes, important documents, cash, map, names of important contacts, including your embassy, first aid kit, radio, etc.

During the earthquake

Remember one rule: get down, shelter yourself, and hold on. 

If you are indoors, get on the floor, seek shelter under a protective structure, and hold on to something solid (e.g., table leg). Stay away from windows or anything that could fall. Protect your head if you can't lie down under a protective structure. If you are outdoors, move away from buildings, trees and power lines. Protect your head at all times. If you are driving, pull over to the side of the road in an open area. Keep your seat belt on. Do not attempt to get out if electrical wires have fallen on your car. 

After the earthquake

Follow the instructions from the authorities (keep listening to the radio). An earthquake can cause aftershocks, so stay calm at all times. Take care of your injuries and those of others with you. Use your phone only for emergencies. 

All this doesn't mean that you should not move to a seismic zone. Even though earthquakes are quite likely to happen, they do not necessarily affect the lives of everyone. Everyday life goes on, and it is business as usual. In fact, you will soon learn about the locals' resilience and how to integrate this risk into your everyday life as an expat.

Useful links:

US: Federal Emergency Management Agency

California Department of Public Health: emergency preparedness office

California Governor's office of emergency services: staying safe where the earth shakes (pdf)

Apps in Japan: Yukureru (android); Safety tips (Android, Apple)

South Korea Earthquake Early Warning Services

Green Card holders need to have been in the US for 5 years to apply for citizenship

In the United States, the general rule for naturalization is that it's open to expats who've had a Green Card, i.e., permanent residency, for at least 5 years. If an expat is married to a US citizen, this condition gets shortened to 3 years. Permanent residents who've served in the US military for at least 1 year can also apply for naturalization earlier. 

Are there any continuous residence requirements? Yes, expats must have been physically present in the US for at least 30 months out of the last 5 years of their Permanent Residency. They must also have been in their USCIS district, that is, their jurisdiction as classified by the immigration services, for at least 3 months at the time of application. 

Applicants must also, of course, have a clear criminal record. In case they have committed a crime, they need to wait 3-5 years after the date of the crime to apply. Their applications may still get rejected after this period if the USCIS (immigration services) deems that their crime was serious enough to show a lack of good character.

How much does the process cost? While the cost of the entire naturalization process is $725, some applicants can benefit from a full or partial fee waiver. Those who served in the military enjoy a full fee waiver. Elderly applicants over 75 pay $320, and applicants who qualify as low-income can pay a reduced fee of $405. 

All of these applicants also need to prepare to take the Naturalization Test, which is split into a Civics Test and English Test. Only basic English of an A2 level is tested. As for the Civics Test, applicants need to score 6/10 on a series of simple questions about American history, government and values. They are also subject to an interview about their background. As the final step, they need to make an oath of allegiance to be loyal to the country before becoming full citizens. 

Permanent Residents in Canada need to have been in the country for 3 out of the last 5 years to apply for citizenship

The conditions for naturalization in Canada aren't that different from those in the United States. A major difference, however, is that expats in Canada need to have been in the country for less time than in the US: 3 out of the last 5 years (1,095 out of 1,826 days), rather than 5 full years. They must show that they paid taxes in Canada over these 3 years. The citizenship fee is CAD$630, about 470 US dollars, for adults.

Unfortunately, there is no fast track for spouses of Canadian citizens. Foreigners who serve in the Canadian Armed Forces may get fast-tracked, and expats can also file a request for urgent processing if they have a justifiable reason for it. Valid reasons can be needing Canadian citizenship to avoid losing one's job or needing a Canadian passport to travel for urgent health problems.

Like in the US, applicants for Canadian citizenship are also subject to an interview and a test. Those under 18 and over 54 are exempted from the test. The others need to obtain at least 15/20 on that multiple-choice and true-or-false test about Canadian history, geography, economy, laws, symbols, etc. As Canada is officially bilingual, this test can be taken in either English or French. 

Applicants also need to submit proof of elementary proficiency in either of these two languages (English or French) that's equivalent to a CLB Level 4, a CERF A2, or an IELTS 3.5. Various internationally recognized certificates can be submitted as proof of language proficiency. And, of course, applicants must have a clear criminal record. Like in the US, if they have committed a crime, they won't be eligible for citizenship for some extra years or, in case of a serious crime (e.g., murder), be barred from citizenship altogether.

Expats must have lived in Germany for 8 years and be willing to renounce their former nationality to become citizens

Unfortunately, Germany has more stringent citizenship rules than most other countries. 

For one, instead of the usual 3-5 years, expats need to have lived in the country for 8 years before applying to become German. Expats in marriages or civil partnerships with a German citizen for at least 2 years can, however, apply for citizenship after only 3 years of residency. Other expats who've taken a state-approved integrationskurts (integration course) can apply after 7 instead of 8 years.

In addition, Germany still doesn't allow dual citizenship in most cases, so an expat has to renounce his home country's citizenship upon taking the German one. This year, the German government might finally allow dual citizenship for everyone, but it remains to be seen if the proposed legislative amendment will be passed. 

Higher language proficiency is required than for American or Canadian naturalization. In Germany, expats must have a B1 (lower intermediate) rather than an A2 (elementary) level of German proficiency to be eligible for citizenship. However, the overall naturalization fee is lower than in these other countries: only 255. 

Of course, there is also a naturalization test to determine if applicants are familiar with the way the German state and German society works. Expats must score at least 17 out of 33 on it. Those who've graduated from a social science program at a German university are exempted from that test. The applicants must also have a clear criminal record, although some minor offenses, especially if they date from a long time back, might be disregarded, as the legal firm of Rudolph Rechtsanwälte clarifies.

French naturalization is one of the most affordable ones, even if the process remains highly bureaucratic 

Expats in France can get naturalized after 5 years of living in the country. However, traveling outside of France for more than 6 months during this 5-year period can void your length of stay, so be careful of making long overseas trips unless you have a very important reason for it.

If an expat has been married for at least 4 years to a French citizen, he/she can also become a citizen through declaration. Legionnaires, i.e., third-country nationals who've served in the French military's Foreign Legion, can apply for naturalization after only 3 years. Wounded members of the Foreign Legion have an automatic right to citizenship without even having to wait for 3 years.

France has the same level of language requirement as Germany for naturalization: B1 or lower intermediate. Only over-60s are exempted from this requirement. Various diplomas can attest to this level of proficiency, but a DELF (Diplôme d'études en langue française/Diploma in French Language Studies) is the most recommended option because it is awarded by France's Ministry of Education itself and is valid for life.

There is no citizenship test about French history or values, but applicants are subject to an interview (carried out in French, of course). They'll be asked basic questions about French society, for instance, the name of the national symbol or the meaning of laïcité (secularism), during that interview. They might also be visited at their domicile by the local police. 

The entire process is extremely affordable: only 55. This excludes other costs the expat might have to pay on an individual level, such as counseling fees with an immigration lawyer or the translation of his/her official documents. Minor criminal offenses do not hurt your application if they were committed over 10 years ago.

While all of the above looks simple enough, what is most tiring about the process is compiling the dossier de naturalization, a folder of various documents related to your work situation (e.g., proof of employment), taxes, housing (e.g., proof of residence), bills (e.g., electricity and water bills), education, family life (e.g., marriage certificate, proof of family ties to a sibling or parent) and other matters. The documents must be less than a year old, so trying to get them can be a cumbersome process. Moreover, the specific documents required depend on each applicant. 

Obtaining French citizenship is quite ceremonial, for upon successfully completing the process, new citizens are invited to a ceremony by their local departmental prefect or mayor. At the ceremony, the prefect or mayor hands them over a booklet about French laws, government and values.

Expats need to have been in Ireland for 5 out of the last 9 years to apply for citizenship

Expats in Ireland need to have been in reckonable residence in the country for at least 5 out of the last 9 years. For expats with an Irish spouse or civil partner, this period is reduced to 3 out of 5 years. 

Reckonable residence means that they were not absent from Ireland for more than 6 weeks (about 1.5 months) in a year. This means that if expats apply for citizenship in 2023, they must not have traveled abroad for more than 6 weeks in 2022. If they were overseas for 2 or 3 months in 2022, they'll have to wait until 2024 to apply. If an emergency forced them to travel abroad for over 6 weeks in the 8 years before the last, they should justify what the emergency was in their application.

There is no citizenship or language test to be taken. Expats just need to fill in Form 8, attach the standard required documents (birth certificate, Immigration Registration Card, proof of residence, pay slips, etc.) and pay the processing fee. Their criminal record will also be examined for proof of good character.  

The citizenship processing fee is only 175, but keep in mind that they'll also have to pay 950 for the Certificate of Naturalisation at the citizenship ceremony if their application is successful. This ceremony is also where successful new citizens make a declaration/oath of loyalty to the country.

Expats in the UK with Indefinite Leave to Remain' status for a year can apply for citizenship

The basic criteria to be eligible is twofold: first, to have been residing in the UK for at least 5 years, and second, have had an Indefinite Leave to Remain (ILR) or Indefinite Leave to Enter (ILE) status, the equivalent of permanent residency, for 1 year. 

Expats married or in a civil partnership with a British citizen need to have lived in the country for only 3 instead of 5 years. In addition, all applicants must show that they didn't travel overseas for more than 450 days in these past 4-5 years and not more than 90 days in the past year.

Applicants must show proof of English proficiency of at least a B1 level through a test like the IELTS (International English Language Testing System). They must also take a multiple-choice citizenship test called the "Life in the UK Test", on which they must score at least 18 out of 24. They must not have recent or serious offenses on their criminal record this includes unpaid taxes and problems with the immigration authorities.

The cost of the whole naturalization process is quite hefty: £1,330, or nearly 1,600 US dollars. This excludes the cost of the "Life in the UK Test" (£50/60 USD) and other costs like sworn translations of documents or legal counseling.

Expats in Australia can apply for citizenship a mere year after becoming permanent residents 

In Australia, even if expats need to have been living in the country for at least 4 years at the time of application for citizenship, they need to have been permanent residents only for 12 months. They might have spent these 3 other years as international students or short-term workers. 

Furthermore, they must not have been overseas for more than 365 days (1 year) out of the past 1,460 days (4 years), and neither must they have traveled abroad for over 90 days (3 months) in the last year. Unfortunately, none of these conditions can be lowered even if an expat is married to an Australian citizen.

Applicants also need to get at least 75% on a citizenship test and undergo an interview. Under 18s and over-60s can be waived of this test that includes 20 multiple-choice questions and 5 short-answer questions about Australian values. This test also indirectly tests their ability to understand simple English.

Of course, applicants must also prove to have good character through their criminal record. They will be rejected if they've committed recent crimes or serious crimes, for instance, those which made them serve a jail sentence. The entire naturalization process costs 490 AUD for adults, which is about 340 US dollars. After their application is approved, expats are then invited to a citizenship ceremony, where they make a pledge of loyalty to the country.

Expats in New Zealand can apply for citizenship after 5 years

New Zealand's rules for naturalization are quite standard. Expats need to have been residents of the country for at least 5 years. They must have been physically present in New Zealand for at least 240 days out of each year. The same rules apply to expats married to New Zealanders. 

While applicants must submit proof of English proficiency (e.g.: IELTS, academic record), there is no citizenship test to take. Only a few candidates need to present themselves for an interview, for instance, if it's not clear enough from their submitted documents that their English level is good. The documents submitted must include a witness (referee), and the entire process costs 470.20 NZD, or about 330 US dollars. 

As for proof of good character, expats must not have been guilty of any offense (even minor ones) in 3 years. A citizenship ceremony takes place at the local council, where new citizens make an oath of allegiance.

Permanent Residents in Singapore can become citizens after only 2 years

In contrast with the countries above, expats with Permanent Residency in Singapore can become citizens after only 2 years, not the usual 5 years. This requirement is not lower for the spouses of Singaporean citizens: they also need to have been Permanent Residents (PRs) for 2 years. Adults need to be at least 21, not 18, in order to apply independently.

The processing fee is 100 Singapore dollars, or about 75 US dollars. If the application is successful, the new citizen must then pay an additional 70 Singapore dollars (about 52 USD) to get his/her Singapore Citizenship Certificate.

The documents that expats need to submit as part of the application are quite standard: birth certificate and passport, marriage and divorce papers, PR card and certificate, academic certificates, employment certificate or business profile (accompanied by a business balance sheet), and income tax returns. They may optionally include a cover letter where they talk about the roots/emotional connection they have established in Singapore and how they can help the country's development. And, of course, they must also present a clean Police Certificate (criminal record).

There is no language or citizenship test, but like in France, there is a compulsory citizenship ceremony for successful candidates. The new Singaporean citizens need to make a pledge to the country during that ceremony.

Planning your return

The number one mistake for expats is to think that returning home requires no planning. Apart from the usual administrative procedures, such as the termination of a lease or some service subscription and notifying the authorities of your departure, amongst others, there are so many things to consider. Rid yourself of the belief that returning home does not require the same logistical preparation as your move abroad. Of course, the planning is not the same, as you won't be going to an unknown land. But at the end of the day, the principles are the same! Basically, you have to anticipate, prepare well, and adapt. It often takes several months to organize a move abroad, if only for visa issues. Similarly, the return home may require several months and the same sustained efforts.

In fact, beyond the usual local administrative procedures that must be taken care of before leaving, everything starts in the head, where planning is the key to any consideration. On the other hand, when you have got used to living abroad, returning home can be quite an upheaval. If not properly organized, it can generate stress, disappointment, and confusion. Take the time to look back on your experience abroad, both professionally and personally; this will allow you to envision your return more serenely. You should also keep in mind that returning home can be a new beginning for you, as you are no longer the same person you used to be before moving abroad.

Don't rush into finding a new job

The second most common mistake is to embark too quickly on a new professional adventure. Considering common misconceptions, an expatriate would be considered a superhero who is always on the move and thriving all the time. This would be the best way to pressure yourself even more, especially when you have to prove that your return is not a failure (why would it be?). Beware of overworking and getting into some burnout-prone activities. Even if you have matured your career during your stay abroad, take some time to unpack your bags and start getting used to living in your home country once again. This will also be a good way to have a better perspective and ensure you are moving in the right direction.

If you need to start all over again in your home country, it is crucial to wait. Your approach might be poorly understood, especially in these times of global crisis and uncertainty. Anyway, applying for a job as soon as you land without assessing your experience abroad, you risk missing out on your true professional objectives. While abroad, you have certainly acquired new skills and fulfilled new missions. These are all positive points to consider and incorporate into your CV.

This waiting period is also important for expats who are on an international transfer. The return to the company needs to be prepared beforehand, with a progressive reintegration program that generally includes internal training, introduction to new departments/colleagues, and more, developed by the company managers. However, in real life, the return is generally a brutal one that may seem to be unprepared and sometimes prove even more difficult for the ex-expats. Ideally, the homecoming should be organized with your superiors, even before leaving your host country. This can also be a way to quickly re-establish the link with the company back home.

Make a professional and personal self-assessment

Another mistake, directly related to the previous one, is to start looking for a job without proper professional and personal self-assessment. This essential step will help you get back on track with your home country's labor market and allow you to position yourself. Below are some questions you should put to yourself.

Personal assessment: 

• What are my best memories from my expat experience? What are the worst memories?
• With some hindsight, are these memories still as difficult to recall? 
• Have my way of thinking and my actions changed?
• Have I made new friends?
• What was my typical day like?
• Did I engage in any activities? Which ones? Did I like them?
• Did I travel around my host country? Where did I go? Did I like it?
• Who am I going home with? Have I met anyone during my stay abroad?
• Am I sad or happy to return? Why do I want to go back home? 

Professional assessment:

• What were the tasks I had to perform (job title)?
• Was it a job I had previously done, or did I learn about the job in my host country?
• What new tasks did I actually perform?
• Did I enjoy these assignments?  
• What was the atmosphere like at work?
• What was the company culture like?
• How was the work organization (working hours, etc.)? How did I like it?
• Did I work in a team, in pairs, or independently?
• What was the relationship like with my colleagues?
• At work, what went well and what didn't? How did I react?
• What did I learn at work? What skills did I acquire?
• Was I trained? Did I acquire any new qualifications?
• Did I improve my command of the local language?

Assess your skills

Similarly, taking a skills assessment progressively reconnects your career abroad and your future profession in your home country of return. Even if you are continuing your career back home, a skills assessment might help. For example, it might be useful if you no longer feel that you are a good fit for the position you held. 

A skills assessment is intended for anyone, including public and private sector employees and job seekers. While living abroad, expats may not always be aware of the latest news about sectors that are recruiting, economic growth statistics, unemployment rates, or training opportunities in their home country. The skills assessment allows you to take stock of your professional and personal competencies, determine your new motivation, and establish a new career plan or a new training program.

A skills assessment also enables you to upgrade your CV with the assignments that have helped you acquire hard skills (technical) or soft skills (interpersonal). In addition, it is sometimes possible for skills acquired abroad to be converted into a "diploma" in your home. For example, France has a system called "Validation des Acquis de l'Expérience (VAE)" which allows converting your acquired experience (at least one-year full-time) into professional certification. 

Allow yourself to take on new professional challenges 

Are you looking for a career change, or do you wish to start your own business? Are you seeking a new professional adventure in another country? Something that you might have dreamed of and that seemed impossible before your move abroad can actually happen once you've returned. The time taken to reflect can be the right opportunity to rejuvenate your career.

Stay in touch with your contacts

You may have attended professional or informal events and networks where you met colleagues, superiors, acquaintances, or friends. You may have benefited from the help of someone to get your job, join a network or make new contacts. Nurture your relationships whenever possible. You never know what the future may hold in stock.

Share, discuss, keep communication alive

All these steps have one primary purpose. It's all about exchanging ideas and talking to others. It is essential to put your experience abroad into words. It is also important to talk to the people you met or will meet in the future. However, former expats sometimes feel that they are ignored. In fact, they tend to think that everyone's life is going on without them, and no one seems to want to make room for them. If they talk about their professional successes abroad, they fear being considered arrogant, and if they talk about their difficulties, they fear being considered whiners. Yet, in any case, sharing your career stories is crucial to rebuild relationships and moving forward in a career.

Moving abroad is not simply a pause in one's life, but a phase of one's career that transforms beyond one's expectations as such, returning home represents a new beginning. Share, discuss, talk, and listen to others. You are not the only one who has experienced great adventures. You may think that you will have nothing to discover when you return home, but this might not be true. Discuss with those who haven't left and get a feel of what's going on. Observe. Deep down, you are triggering some of the same processes set in motion when you first arrived abroad. If you feel lost, do not hesitate to reach out to others. Expat coaches can also assist you in preparing for your new professional adventure. Professionals in charge of skills assessment programs will also help you take stock of your situation. Allow yourself time to rediscover yourself in order to better shape your career. The return from expatriation is a real new beginning at all levels.

What is the rationale behind workforce nationalization?

The six countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates have been strengthening workforce nationalization measures since around 2020. The private sectors of these countries have been largely dependent on expats since the 1970s, but after the global post-Covid and post-Ukraine War economic downturn, they decided to reduce unemployment among local citizens.

The only way to achieve this is to give the jobs held by expats to local citizens. This is also a way to encourage women's employment, as non-expat women in Gulf countries, even if they are largely university-educated, haven't joined the workforce in large numbers yet.

In Kuwait, the policy of Kuwaitization aims to reach a 50:50 ratio of expat to local workers by 2025 and a 30:70 ratio by 2030. The Siasat Daily reports that in 2022, the number of expats working in Kuwait's public sector plummeted by 70%. Expats in the education sector have also recently been targeted, with over 200 heads of departments being demoted in January and about 1,800 teachers to be terminated in the next few months. They will be replaced by Kuwaitis who have been awaiting promotions for many years.

In Saudi Arabia, a similar process of Saudization (called Nitaqat in Arabic) is part of the broader strategic framework of Saudi Vision 2030. As reported by The Saudi Gazette, its first phase began in December 2021, and its second phase just began in January 2023. Arab News reports that, at the end of the first phase, that is, in the third quarter of 2022, capital market institutions managed to make Saudis become 77% of their entire workforce. In this second phase, various sectors, from computer repair businesses to marine engineering to marketing, must reach a Saudization ratio of 70%-100% by different deadlines in 2023 and early 2024, says the immigration firm Fragomen.

In Oman, the Omanization movement has barred expats from 207 job categories: HR officers, grocers, ambulance drivers, legal clerks, psychologists, and occupational safety inspectors in the energy industry, among others. The Gulf News reported in late 2022 that jobs in five core sectors of the economy (oil, banking, telecommunications, hospitality, insurance) have become considerably localized since 2020. For instance, nearly 95% of jobs in commercial banks are now staffed by Omani citizens.

What do expats think about workforce nationalization?

Behind these quantitative targets are individual expats with attachment to their countries of adoption, hopes and feelings of disillusionment. Some have shared their opinions and feelings on the forum of Expat.com and when solicited on social media.

Solicited for his testimony on the Facebook group Expats in Oman, a Greek expat named Daniel says that he hopes that Oman can find a balance between supporting its citizens and allowing expats to continue to contribute to the country. He used to live in Oman, but he has recently decided to relocate to the UAE for more expat-friendly work opportunities in the hospitality industry.

When Daniel was in Oman on an e-visa, he struggled to find a job in this industry but in the UAE, he was able to get a good job with an expanding, multinational restaurant company. While a nationalization policy called Emiratization also exists in the UAE, it is less intense than Omanization. As reported by the Khaleej Times, private companies are required to increase their number of Emirati workers only by 1% every 6 months.

Daniel believes that in Gulf countries, expats and tourism should be considered as valuable as natural resources like oil. When he sees new apartment complexes being erected in Muscat, he wonders who will buy them if the population of expat buyers is dwindling. He found Oman to be a great country with a great culture and hospitality to live in, but he thinks it should invest in expats in order to ensure a sustainable future and to be the future of the Middle East.

Another expat in Oman, Hyder from Pakistan, was solicited on the same Facebook group. He is of the same opinion as Daniel that Oman should follow the UAE's current economic and immigration model. That is, he believes that expats bring investment that plays a major role in any country's economy, so retaining rather than replacing expats can bring Oman as much prosperity as the UAE has.

Other countries might not have official nationalization policies, but preference is still given to locals over expats in indirect ways. On the forum of Expat.com, Mithié, a French expat in Morocco, says that he finds it quite normal that in this North African country, local candidates are preferred over expats as long as they have the required skills. He says it's important in order for young local graduates not to suffer from high unemployment rates. In various European countries, the labor market test is also an indirect form of prioritizing locals. This test checks if no local candidate can be found for a specific role before a company is allowed to recruit an expat.

China says "NO" to online degrees

There is a small storm brewing in the academic world, although Australian universities welcome China's decision. In late January, Beijing announced that it would no longer recognize online courses or degrees obtained from foreign institutions. The ban took effect immediately. During the pandemic, many Chinese students opted for online courses, which were, in short, the only way to continue their studies. But this announcement came shortly before the start of the academic year, compelling students enrolled in foreign institutions to start their first semester courses in a rush. Some 40,000 Chinese students enrolled in Australian universities are concerned. 

This is great news for Phil Honeywood, president and CEO of the International Education Association of Australia (IEAA). Face-to-face classes are part of the nature of education, but the closure of borders due to the health crisis has created an extraordinary situation and prompted institutions to take unprecedented action. Honeywood, however, admits that such arrangements required a quick response. But others point out Beijing's intransigence and believe that this measure comes as a real challenge for international students at the start of the school year. In fact, the problem lies in providing visas on time (not to mention other issues such as obtaining flights and accommodation). 

Australia and China are working closely to process as many visa applications as possible. But it seems that there is already a backlog. Chinese students studying abroad are worried and critical of their government's attitude. Understandably though, Australian universities have declared they will do their best to maintain distance learning courses for students who cannot travel in time.

What is the real worth of diplomas earned via e-learning?

Ever since the health crisis, there has been a real boom in distance learning. These courses are delivered by universities, schools, training centers, government agencies, or other structures, and are open to students as well as professionals, regardless of whether they are expatriates or not. Behind the value of the diploma lies the question of its recognition by an official body, as well as its international acceptance. 

As the name implies, a diploma course provides a diploma. But there are several types of diplomas: 

• State diplomas, which are essential for working in a particular professional field (in the medical field, for example).
• National diplomas, which attest to the successful completion of an examination organized and validated by the State.
• University diplomas, which are issued by the university and do not necessarily have national recognition.

Distance learning institutions may also issue certifications that may include diplomas or other degrees from an accredited institution. Some organizations may also issue certificates, but in general, these are not always officially recognized by a national body. They may, however, be accredited by some partner organizations, but that's the rub. Some organizations that claim to deliver online courses create doubt by juggling jargon. Inquiring about them can give an initial indication of what type of certification they will issue.

How to choose between universities, training centers and 100% online schools? 

With the health crisis, many universities around the world have developed online courses. This is a constant challenge, which raises the question of the value of courses and the recognition of diplomas.

There are many benefits to choosing a state-accredited university. These institutions can sponsor the student visa, issue the diploma, and some of the larger institutions are recognized worldwide. The same is true for state-approved language schools, which can also sponsor student visas. In addition, if a student wishes to continue his or her studies at a local university, the certification issued by the state-approved language school will guarantee the student's language skills, which is often a university requirement.

On the other hand, people should be very cautious when opting for the new 100% online schools. While there are many perfectly regulated digital schools, others are taking advantage of the Internet to stay in a gray area and avoid state scrutiny. They often boast success rates close to 100% and offer study programs at an ultra-competitive cost, if not completely free of charge. 

To avoid unpleasant surprises, it is best to always make sure that the institution is officially accredited by the government. If it is, the information should be mentioned on its website. A search by the name of the institution can also remove doubts, but the "name scam" is one of the most common techniques used to deceive prospective students. In fact, these unscrupulous institutions use a well-known name to fool people. For example, we all know about the world-famous Cambridge University, but there is no such thing as Cambridge University of Communication. To avoid this kind of scam, it is recommended that you check the institution's contact details, consult the course reviews, and be wary of offers that are too attractive, like the possibility of obtaining a "diploma" in a few months for cheap.

Whatever the case, distance learning courses will still have a bright future. They are another way of designing learning curves and, to some extent, contribute to the internationalization of exchanges. While some institutions have opted for an all-digital approach, others prefer to stick with a hybrid model, with a larger share of classroom-based courses. For these institutions, distance learning will remain a support tool adapted to the learning process and the learners.